We report here a case of myositis ossificans who underwent fine needle aspiration cytology as the first line of investigation. Cytology suggested a benign proliferating soft tissue lesion. CT scan and MRI of the neck done subsequently localized the lesion to the left levator scapulae muscle. Excision and histopathology revealed myositis ossificans. The proliferating osteoblasts with large pleomorphic nuclei and prominent nucleoli in the smears may mimic carcinoma cells and are a potential diagnostic pitfall. Mature bony trabeculae, the hallmark of myositis ossificans on histology may not be represented in FNA smears and so an accurate diagnosis may not be possible cytologically.

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Two hundred fifty nine cases of clinically diagnosed ovarian neoplasm were subjected to fine aspiration cytology. The specificity, sensitivity and the predictive value were 94.2%, 91.4% and 80% respectively. Thus the value of FNAC on suspected cases of ovarian neoplasms have been proved, though the gynecologists are sceptic in this respect. The reasons for the false diagnosis has been analysed.

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To evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of fine needle aspiration cytology, we studied 2275 casesover a period of three years from 1996-1998. Most of specimens were from lymph nodes, breast,thyroid and soft tissues. Subsequent histopathological examination was subjected to, where tissue was available and results were compared. We achieved 92% accuracy with 4% false positivity in lymph node aspirations. 90% sensitivity and 81% specificity for absence of tumour in breast cases. The accuracy was 90.1%, 92%, 70% and 75% in cases of thyroid, soft tissues, salivary glands and prostatic aspiration respectively. It was 100% in cases of liver, thoraco - abdominal, skin and bone aspirations. Overall diagnostic accuracy of FNAC was 91.7% with no complication. Moreover errors of false positive diagnosis can be minimized with experience and careful evaluation of smears.

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The study was carried out in 574 women treated with radiation for carcinoma cervix for detection of postradiation dysplasia in the course of followup ranging from 1 to 10 years. Dysplastic changes were detected in 52 cases (9.1%) and 26 of these 52 cases were moderate. The mean period of emergence of dysplasia was found to be 1.6 years and mean age was 42 years. Dysplasia was also found to occur higher with increasing stage of cancer. However, dysplasia tended to appear at early age but at late period with increasing stage of cancer. The cytological follow-up of radiation treated cases of cervical carcinoma appears to be a valuable tool for detecting occurrence of postradiation dysplasia and it cautions the clinician for their timely adequate treatment thus paving way for better chances of survival of the patient.

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One hundred and four metastatic tumours were diagnosed by needle aspiration, of which eighty were from lymph nodes, ten skeletal, eight in liver, five skin and soft tissues and one pleural. The cervical nodes were sites of metastasis from primaries in mouth, tongue, larynx, thyroid and lungs. The left supraclavicular lymph nodes received metastasis from malignancies of gastrointestinal tract, ovaries, testis, gallbladder and prostate. Right supraclavicular lymphnodes were sites of metastasis from gastrointestinal tract and gallbladder. Axillary lymph nodes were involved in carcinoma of breast and one squamous cell carcinoma from skin. Inguinal lymph nodes were involved in carcinomas of anal canal, rectum, penis, cervix, ovaries and lower extremeties. Scapula received metastasis from gastrointestinal tract, lungs, while lumbar vertebrae from ovaries and prostate, the long bones from kidneys, prostate and symphysis pubis from malignancies of bladder. The liver was the site of metastasis from malignancies of gastrointestinal tract, gallbladder and ovaries. The skin and soft tissues showed deposits from malignant melanoma, breast and lungs.

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Filariasis, a tropical disease can masquerade as tumorous nodules in any part of the body. It can present unusually as collections of microfilariae in body fluids, thyroid, epididymis, breast and aspiration of soft tissue masses. Here we report 2 cases of asymptomatic filariasis presenting as subcutaneous masses. A 15 year old girl presented with a mass of 3 months duration in the left posterior axillary line. There were neither local signs of inflammation, nor any constitutional symptoms. Fine needle aspirate yielded innumerable coiled microfilariae. Our second case was a 30 year old female who noticed a gradually growing painless mass of 3.5 cm in diameter in the left posterior axillary line against 4th rib. FNA revealed abundant microfilariae, neutrophils, lymphocytes and granular debris. In both cases the collections of microfilariae obstructed the lymphatics which resulted in tumorous mass. There were no associated symptoms or eosinophilia.

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The examination of pericardial fluid by cytologic methods has been proved to be of decisive value in the diagnosis of malignant as well as non-malignant conditions. This paper presents a case report of malignant pericardal effusion from renal cell carcinoma.

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Chondroid chordoma is a neoplasm that contains a mixture of chondroid and cartilaginous elements. Fine needle aspiration findings of chordoma have been described in literature. However, there is an occasional case report about FNAC of Chondroid chordoma. We describe FNAC finding of Chondroid chordoma in a 55 year old patient.

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In this article application of flow cytometry (FCM) in clinical cytology practice has been highlighted with special emphasis of our own experience. It is of diagnostic help in bladder washings, particularly to identify recurrent carcinomas. Diagnostic and prognostic information of the solid tumor can be obtained reliably on fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) material as on histopathology specimens. FCM is also helpful in sub-classification of NHL. Simultaneous use of cell differentiation markers and DNA quantification is often more useful than either alone.

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The patient, a 63-year-old male, sought medical attention due to unremitting haematuria and generalised weakness. Comprehensive work-up revealed a 2.5-cm diameter right renal mass on ultrasound. A sonographically guided FNA was performed at the same sitting. Examination of stained cytosmears showed predominantly pleomorphic spindled to ovoid cellularity, with high grade nuclear morphology, in addition to a few cells which were suggestive of conventional epithelial renal malignancy. A diagnosis of sarcomatoid renal cell carcinoma was made. Histopathology confirmed the cytologic impression. The features considered helpful in this cytodiagnosis are emphasized.

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Two cases of myelolipoma breast diagnosed by FNAC are reported. These were in a 20 year unmarried female and 25 year old married but issueless female who presented with solitary breast nodule in right and left breast respectively. The haemogram and systemic examination were essentially normal.

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29 cases of Head and Neck Paragangliomas including 27 cases from carotid body and two cases from tympanic body were diagnosed by FNAC over 11 years period (1991-2001) in indigenous Kashmiris living at an altitude of 1700 m and above sea level, (high altitude Paragangliomas). There was female predominance (25/4), unilateral distribution (29/0), with age range of 15-80 years, non-hereditary and benign in behaviour.

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The cytologic features of a case of hepatoblastoma diagnosed on fine needle aspiration (FNA) cytology in a three year old child are described. FNA was carried out on a large, firm abdominal mass, without any complications. The characteristic cytologic features were three dimensional clusters, acinar formations and rosette-like structures formed by. the tumour cells. Rosette-like structures were prominent and distinctly evident in all the smears. Although FNA offers a safe and accurate method of diagnosis, yet, in inoperable cases, elevated levels of serum alpha-protein provides supportive evidence as was noted in the present case.

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Two cases of DeQuervain's thyroiditis were diagnosed on fine needle aspiration cytology. Once thought to be a rare clinical entity. It now accounts for 5-6% of all thyroid diseases. The cytological features are quite distinctive. Since the lesion undergoes complete remission on treatment with steroids, surgery can be avoided and the patient treated on the basis of cytologic diagnosis.

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